Linux 硬盘分区

Posted 2019年 11月 7日 Updated 2023年 09月 28日

By 安素

21~28 min read

操作步骤

磁盘分区

运行fdisk -l命令查看实例上的数据盘。会列出你挂载的数据盘（我这里有两块盘，分别是/dev/sda和/dev/sdb）

[root@zstack /]# fdisk -l 
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.

Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes, 625142448 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: gpt
Disk identifier: 20AB9F00-FD2F-428C-B5F2-898C8ABAF625


#         Start          End    Size  Type            Name
 1         2048       411647    200M  EFI System      EFI System Partition
 2       411648      2508799      1G  Microsoft basic 
 3      2508800    625141759  296.9G  Linux LVM       

Disk /dev/sdb: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6e87c628

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1   *        2048  3907026943  1953512448    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT

Disk /dev/mapper/zstack-root: 301.9 GB, 301935362048 bytes, 589717504 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/zstack-swap: 16.8 GB, 16844324864 bytes, 32899072 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

依次运行以下命令，创建一个分区。

运行fdisk -u /dev/sdb命令分区数据盘。
输入p查看数据盘的分区情况。本示例中，数据盘分了个sdb1。
输入n创建一个新分区。
输入p选择分区类型为主分区。

创建一个单分区数据盘可以只创建主分区。如果要创建四个以上分区，您应该至少选择一次e（extended），创建至少一个扩展分区。

输入分区编号并按回车键。本示例中，仅创建一个分区，输入1。
输入第一个可用的扇区编号，按回车键采用默认值3907026944。
输入最后一个扇区编号。本示例中，仅创建一个分区，按回车键采用默认值。
输入p查看该数据盘的规划分区情况。
输入w开始分区，并在完成分区后退出。

[root@zstack /]# fdisk -u /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6e87c628

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1   *        2048  3907026943  1953512448    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2
First sector (3907026944-3907029167, default 3907026944): 
Using default value 3907026944
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (3907026944-3907029167, default 3907029167): 
Using default value 3907029167
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 1.1 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6e87c628

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1   *        2048  3907026943  1953512448    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sdb2      3907026944  3907029167        1112   83  Linux

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

运行fdisk -lu /dev/sdb命令查看新分区。如果出现/dev/sdb2的相关信息，表示新分区已创建完成。

[root@zstack /]# fdisk -lu /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6e87c628

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1   *        2048  3907026943  1953512448    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sdb2      3907026944  3907029167        1112   83  Linux

运行mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2命令在新分区上创建一个文件系统。(格式化磁盘)

本示例中，创建一个ext4文件系统。其他文件系统格式请自行修改mkfs.ext4命令。例如，如果您需要在Linux、Windows和Mac系统之间共享文件，可以运行mkfs.vfat /dev/sdb2命令创建VFAT文件系统。

[root@zstack /]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem too small for a journal
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
144 inodes, 1112 blocks
55 blocks (4.95%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=1179648
1 block group
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
144 inodes per group

Allocating group tables: done                            
Writing inode tables: done                            
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

挂载磁盘

[root@zstack /]# mkdir /data
[root@zstack /]# mount /dev/sdb2 /data

查看是否挂载正常

[root@zstack /]# df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/zstack-root  282G   28G  254G  10% /
devtmpfs                  16G   52K   16G   1% /dev
tmpfs                     16G  8.0K   16G   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs                     16G   26M   16G   1% /run
tmpfs                     16G     0   16G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda2               1014M  163M  852M  17% /boot
/dev/sda1                200M  9.8M  191M   5% /boot/efi
tmpfs                    3.2G     0  3.2G   0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb2                1.1M   22K  990K   3% /data

添加开机挂载

[root@zstack /]# echo /dev/sdb2 /data ext4 defaults 0 0 >> /etc/fstab
[root@zstack /]# cat /etc/fstab |grep /dev/sdb2
/dev/sdb2 /data ext4 defaults 0 0

测试下fstab文件是否写入正常，如果写入有问题，磁盘不存在等情况，系统将无法开机

无任何输出证明fstab写入正常

[root@zstack /]# mount -a

查看硬盘分区情况

[root@zstack /]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0 298.1G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0   200M  0 part /boot/efi
├─sda2            8:2    0     1G  0 part /boot
└─sda3            8:3    0 296.9G  0 part 
  ├─zstack-root 253:0    0 281.2G  0 lvm  /
  └─zstack-swap 253:1    0  15.7G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb               8:16   0   1.8T  0 disk 
├─sdb1            8:17   0   1.8T  0 part 
└─sdb2            8:18   0   1.1M  0 part

如果分区错误

删除分区

运行fdisk -u /dev/sdb命令分区数据盘。
输入d选择删除分区
输入要删除的分区

[root@zstack /]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 1
Partition 1 is deleted

Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 2
Partition 2 is deleted

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.

验证

[root@zstack /]# fdisk -l
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.

Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes, 625142448 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: gpt
Disk identifier: 20AB9F00-FD2F-428C-B5F2-898C8ABAF625


#         Start          End    Size  Type            Name
 1         2048       411647    200M  EFI System      EFI System Partition
 2       411648      2508799      1G  Microsoft basic 
 3      2508800    625141759  296.9G  Linux LVM       

Disk /dev/sdb: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6e87c628

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

Disk /dev/mapper/zstack-root: 301.9 GB, 301935362048 bytes, 589717504 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/zstack-swap: 16.8 GB, 16844324864 bytes, 32899072 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

运维, Linux

Linux

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